William Lightfoot Price (1861–1916), a Philadelphia architect, founded Rose Valley in 1901 near Moylan, Pennsylvania. Rose Valley was one of these artistic and social experiments. Unlike in England, the undercurrent of socialism of the Arts and Crafts movement in the United States did not spread much beyond the formation of a few Utopian communities. Numerous societies followed in cities such as Minneapolis and New York, as well as rural towns, including Deerfield, Massachusetts. Chicago’s Arts and Crafts Society began at Hull House, one of the first American settlement houses for social reform, in October 1897. Boston, historically linked to English culture, was the first city to feature a Society of Arts and Crafts, founded in June 1897. movement was multicentered, with societies forming nationwide. British ideals were disseminated in America through journal and newspaper writing, as well as through societies that sponsored lectures and programs. The American Arts and Crafts movement was inextricably linked to the British movement and closely aligned with the work of William Morris and the second generation of architect-designers, including Charles Robert Ashbee (1863–1942), who toured the United States, and Charles Francis Annesley Voysey (1857–1941), whose work was known through important publications such as The Studio. Morris strove to unite all the arts within the decoration of the home, emphasizing nature and simplicity of form. Ruskin’s persuasive rhetoric influenced the movement’s figurehead (and ardent socialist) William Morris (1834–1896), who believed that industrialization alienated labor and created a dehumanizing distance between the designer and manufacturer. Pugin (1812–1852), whose early writings promoting the Gothic Revival presaged English apprehension about industrialization, and second, theorist and art critic John Ruskin (1819–1900), who advocated medieval architecture as a model for honest craftsmanship and quality materials. The British movement derived its philosophical underpinnings from two important sources: first, the designer A. The Arts and Crafts movement did not promote a particular style, but it did advocate reform as part of its philosophy and instigated a critique of industrial labor as modern machines replaced workers, Arts and Crafts proponents called for an end to the division of labor and advanced the designer as craftsman. Arts and Crafts designers sought to improve standards of decorative design, believed to have been debased by mechanization, and to create environments in which beautiful and fine workmanship governed. Anxieties about industrial life fueled a positive revaluation of handcraftsmanship and precapitalist forms of culture and society. The Arts and Crafts movement emerged during the late Victorian period in England, the most industrialized country in the world at that time.
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